Curious Words About Trees

Ok, now... This is not the definitive list!  The intent of this page is as a quick reference.  As has already been stated, they (those other folks) offer degrees in this stuff and that's way beyond the scope of this effort.  So, if you're looking for something a little more substantial, try one of the links below.  All of the definitions on this page are courtesy of the first two links with a couple of exceptions.  A quick note on the groups of words below -- if a word appears in bold, it's one of the biggies for that group of words.

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-A-

• A whoop and a holler - A long distance.  Ole Jake went to Cades Cove.  That's a whoop and a holler from here.
• Abaxial - The underside of a leaf; the side away from the axis.
• Acicular - Needle-shaped. If solid, may be either round or grooved in cross section.
• Aciculate - Describes a surface that is etched with fine lines, as if scratched by a needle. 2. Marked with what appears to be pin pricks, usually arranged at random.
• Acorn - A type of dry fruit composed of a nut with a cap of fused bracts. Example: Oak.
• Aculeate - Prickly; beset with prickles.
• Acuminate - The shape of a tip or base of a leaf or perianth segment where the part tapers gradually and often in a concave manner.
• Acute - Terminating with a sharp or well defined angle.
• Adaxial - The upper side of a leaf; the side toward the axis.
• Alate - Winged
• Alternate - Leaves one at a node, borne singly. Leaves occur on alternating sides of the twig at varying heights.
• Alveolate - Honeycombed; having angular depressions separated by thin partitions.
• Angiosperm - Angiosperms are broad leaf, flowering, fruit producing plants.  These trees are usually deciduous, meaning they lose their leaves in autumn.  Angiosperms are hardwoods.
• Annual - A plant that completes its life cycle in one year or growing season.
• Apex - The end of a leaf or growing tip of a shoot.
• Apical - Borne at the tip of an organ, farthest from the point of attachment, e.g., a bud which terminates a stem.
• Apices - Plural for Apex.
• Apiculate - Having an apicule.
• Apicule - A short sharp point, not rigid, found at the tip of a leaf, bract, or petal.
• Applanate - Pressed; flattened.
• Arching - A tree shape that's curved gently outward and then downward.
• Arcuate - A leaf shaped or bent like an arc, bow, or crescent.
• Areolate - Having areolae; marked out into small spaces; reticulate.
• Auriculate - A leaf or petal with a pair of small, blunt, ear-shaped projections at the base.
• Aristate - A leaf which terminates in a stiff, bristle-like tip.
• Awl-Like - Tapering from the base to a slender and stiff point.
• Axil - The place where the leaf stalk (petiole) meets the stem. A dormant bud is often located in this place.

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-B-

• Barbed - Furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually reflexed like the barb of a fish hook.
• Basil - Growing from the base of a stem; used in reference to leaves at the base of the stem.
• Basal Region - Leaves growing at the base or bottom of a plant.
• Bifed - Cleft into two parts.
• Bipinnate - Twice pinnate; doubly divided leaf.
• Bipinnately Compound - Leaves with two sets of leaflets, each being pinnately compound.
• Biternate - Twice ternate; with three pinnae each divided into three pinnules.
• Blade - The flat and laterally expanded portion of a leaf. The expanded part of a leaf, petal, sepal, etc. as distinguished from the petiole or leaf stalk.
• Bract - A modified leaf situated near a flower or inflorescence.
• Bracteole - A small leaf, usually on a pedicel.
• Branch Bark Collar - The ring of tissue at the place where a branch is attached to the trunk.
• Bristly - A hair-like prickle.
• Broad leaved - A tree with broad leaves rather than needle-like leaves. Examples: Maple, Oak, Elm.
• Bud - The rudimentary stage of development of a branch, leaf, or flower.
• Bullate - Blistered or puckered.

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-C-

• Caliper - The diameter of a tree's trunk, as measured by nurseries, at 6 inches above the planting line.
• Callus - Scar tissue formed around cut wounds, eventually covering them. Formation of callus is greatly aided by a smoothly finished pruning cut.
• Canaliculate - Longitudinally channeled or grooved, especially on leaf stalks and midribs.
• Catkin (Ament) - A tassel-like pendulous inflorescence bearing many unisexual flowers. Oak, Birch, Willow, and Poplar are catkin-bearing.
• Cernuous - Drooping or nodding capsule, somewhat inclined as opposed to erect.
• Ciliate - Marginally fringed with hairs (cilia).
• Cirrose - A leaf tipped with a tendril, or, in mosses, with a very narrow or hair-like sinuous point.
• Clathrate - Lattice-like; having thick lateral (adjacent) cell walls and thin surficial walls.
• Clavate - Club-shaped; gradually thickening from a slender base.
• Cleft - Divided nearly to the midvein.
• Column - An organ formed by the union of filaments with one another.
• Columnar - Describes a narrow upright tree form. See fastigiate.
• Comose - Furnished with or resembling a tuft of hairs.
• Compaction - Used in reference to soil. Soil becomes hardened and compressed thereby making it difficult for roots to penetrate the soil. Air chambers in between soil particles are also greatly reduced or are nonexistent, making drainage and gas exchange from roots poor.
• Complete - A leaf with a blade, a petiole and stipules.
• Compound - A leaf that is composed of two or more leaflets, arranged in a pinnate or palmate pattern. Compare "simple".
• Cone - 1. A conical fruit consisting of seed-bearing, overlapping scales surrounding a central axis. 2. A tree shape.
• Conical - Cone-shaped; widest at the base and tapering to the apex.
• Conifer - A deciduous or evergreen tree bearing cones rather than true flowers. Examples: Pine, Spruce, Larch, Fir. Foliage is needle-like.
• Cordate - Heart-shaped with the point away from the stem.
• Corrugate - Wrinkled or in folds.
• Costate - Having a costa. Ribbed; having one or more longitudinal ribs or nerves.
• Cotyledon - An embryonic leaf.
• Crenate - Dentate with the teeth much rounded.
• Cuneate - Wedge-shaped; triangular with the acute angle downward.
• Cuspidate - Tipped with a cusp or sharp and rigid point.
• Cylindrical - Having the shape of a cylinder.

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-D-

• Deciduous - A tree which drops its foliage at the end of the growing season and develops new foliage the next spring. Not synonymous with broad leaved tree - some conifers (examples: Larch, Dawn Redwood, Bald Cypress) drop their needles each fall.
• Decussate - Leaves opposite, alternating in pairs at right angles to the preceding pair.
• Dehiscent - Splitting open; method of dispersing contents usually of anthers or seed pods by splitting open along defined slits.
• Dendritic - Shaped like a tree. (See Dendroid)
• Dendroid - Tree-like or branching like a tree.
• Dentate - Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.
• Dichotomous - Forking regularly by pairs.
• Dichotomous Key - A series of choices leading to the identification of a species.
• Dimidiate - Halved diagonally, or as if one half was wanting.
• Distal - Towards the apex in position.
• Distichous - In two vertical rows or ranks along the stem.
• Dissected - Cut or divided into numerous lobes or divisions; a deeply cut leaf, the cleft not reaching to the midrib.
• Double Serrate - Alternating large and small teeth.
• Downy - Covered with fine hairs.
• Drupe - A type of fruit that has a fleshy exterior with a large pit inside (examples, Japanese Zelkova as well as Cherry, Peach, Plum, and Apricot).

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-E-

• Echinate - Beset with prickles.
• Echinoid - Prickly; covered with stiff bristles.
• Elliptic (Elliptical) - Oblong with rounded ends.
• Emarginate - Having a shallow notch at the extremity.
• Entire - Refers to a type of leaf margin or edge, where the edge is smooth, with no teeth or lobes.
• Epetiolate - A leaf lacking a petiole.
• Erect - Vertical or upright.
• Evergreen - A tree which retains its foliage throughout the year. Not synonymous with conifer - some broad leaved trees (examples: American Holly, Southern Magnolia, Live Oak) are evergreen.
• Exfoliating - Bark that peels off in thin layers. Example; London Plane.

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-F-

• Falcate - Scythe-shaped; curved and flat, tapering gradually.
• Farinaceous - Containing starch; powdery, starch-like.
• Fastigiate - A tall, narrow tree form with a strong central leader and branch attachments at acute angles.
• Fenestrate - Having openings, perforations or translucent areas.
• Filiform - Thread-shaped; long, slender, and terete.
• Flexuous - Zigzag; bending from side to side; wavy; sinuous.
• Flush - Flat against.
• Forked - Divided into nearly equal branches.
• Foveolate - Honeycombed; pitted.
• Furcate - Regularly forked.

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-G-

• Geniculate - Bent abruptly, like a knee.
• Girdling - The cutting, removing, or clamping of bark completely around a branch or the trunk of a tree. Can kill the branch or the entire tree.
• Glabrous - Devoid of hairs; smooth.
• Glandular - Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland.
• Glaucous - Bluish white; covered or whitened with a very fine, powdery substance.
• Globe - Nearly spherical.
• Glutinous - Viscid, sticky.
• Grafting - A method of inserting a shoot or bud taken from one plant into the stem or branch of another so that the shoot or bud grows and becomes a permanent part of the other plant.
• Greasy - Slick, oily, slippery to touch.
• Guy wire - A wire used with support stakes to help support a newly planted tree.
• Gymnosperm - A seed plant that bears naked seeds, i.e., seeds without ovaries. These include conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and ephedras.

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-H-

• Half-terete - Half circular.
• Hardpan - Describes a soil condition of extreme compaction; compaction in layers.
• Hastate - Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right angles.
• Hirsute - Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs.
• Humus - Decomposed organic matter. When added to any soil, humus increases the soil water-and nutrient-holding capacity, porosity, and tilth (particle structure).

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-I-

• Imparipinnately compound - pinnate leaf with a terminal leaflet.
• Incised - Cut sharply and irregularly, more or less deeply.
• Incurved - Bent or curved inwards or upwards, as leaf margins curved towards the adaxial surface.
• Indehiscent - Not opening by definite lines or pores. Compare "dehiscent".
• Inflorescence - The flowering part of a plant; specifically, the arrangement of a flower cluster. Examples: catkin, spike, raceme.
• Internode - The portion of a stem between two nodes.
• Interruptedly pinnately compound - Leaves with larger and smaller leaflets alternating along the rachis.
• Irregular - Varying in form. Asymmetrical.

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-J-

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-K-

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-L-

• Lamina - The flat or expanded part of a leaf. Also called the leaf blade.
• Lacerate - Irregularly cleft as if torn.
• Laciniate - Slashed; divided into narrow pointed lobes.
• Lanceolate - Shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than wide, broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex.
• Leader - The central stem or trunk that is longer and more vigorous than the side branches or lateral stems.
• Leaf - A plant organ whose function in general is to conduct photosynthesis. Usually composed of a stalk (petiole) and a broad portion (blade). In general, a leaf has a bud at its base. Compare "leaflet".
• Leaflet - The leaf-like division of a compound leaf. Unlike a leaf, a leaflet does not have a bud at its point of attachment (axil).
• Legume - The characteristic fruit of the Leguminosae family consisting of a long pod containing large seeds lined up one by one. Examples: Honeylocust, Chinese Scholar Tree.
• Lenticel - Small corky-celled structures on the surface of twigs and branches, and/or trunk of some species, whose function is to allow the transport of gases to and from the inner tissues.
• Ligulate - Furnished with a ligule.
• Linear - Long and narrow with parallel margins.
• Lobe - A segment of the blade of a leaf. Example: The leaf of a Norway Maple is palmately-lobed. Compare "sinus".
• Loment - A leguminous fruit that is characterized by narrow constrictions in the spaces between the seeds. Example: The fruit of the Chinese Scholar Tree.
• Lyrate - Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe and with the lower lobes small.

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-M-

• Margin - The edge of a leaf.
• Marginal - Situated on, or close to the margin of a leaf, frond, or other lobe.
• Midrib - The central or main rib of a leaf.
• Midvein - The principal vein in the blade of leaf, leaflet, pinnule, or segment.
• Monoculture - A population of trees comprised mostly of one species or variety.
• Mucilage - (adj. mucilaginous) A viscous, slimy material exuded by certain plants.
• Mucronate - Refers to a leaf or other organ ending suddenly with a stiff spine as a continuation of the midrib.
• Mulch - Any material laid on the soil surface to conserve soil moisture, moderate temperature and/or aid in weed control. Wood chips, bark chips, and shredded leaves are examples of organic mulches.

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-N-

• Needle - The very long and narrow leaf of pines and related trees.
• Needle-Like - Very long, narrow, and pointed at the tip.
• Netted - see Reticulate
• Node - The place on a stem where leaves or branches originate.

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-O-

• Oblanceolate - Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex.
• Oblique - Unequal-sided or slanting.
• Oblong - Longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides.
• Obovate - Inverted ovate; egg-shaped, with the broadest part above, or away from the stem.
• Obtuse - Blunt or rounded at the end.
• Opposite - Leaves two at a node and positioned across the stem from each other. Compare "alternate".
• Ovate - Egg-shaped, with the broader end at the base. See also: oval, oviform.

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-P-

• Palmate - A type of leaf whose lobes or segments attach to the stalk (petiole) at one point. Examples: Horsechestnut, Maple. Compare "pinnate".
• Palmately Compound - Having veins or leaflets arranged like the fingers on a hand.
• Palmately Lobed - Describes a leaf that is radially lobed or divided.
• Palmate-pinnate - Leaves with first leaflets arranged palmately, second leaflets arranged pinnately.
• Panicle - A type of compound inflorescence where the flowers are attached to a multi-branched stem and the youngest flowers are at the apex or center.
• Papillate - Bearing minute rounded or acute protuberances.
• Parallel - With the veins running more or less parallel toward the tip of the leaf.
• Parpinnately compound - pinnately compound leaf without a terminal leaflet.
• Pedicel - A tiny stalk; the support of a single flower.
• Peltate - Describes a leaf attached to the petiole from near the center of the lower surface, and not at the margin. 2. Shield or umbrella shaped.
• Penni-parallel - With the veins running more or less parallel toward the tip of the leaf.
• Penniveined - Having conspicuous lateral veins which are divergent from the midrib and approximately parallel to one another.
• Petiole - The stalk of a leaf blade or compound leaf. It can range from very long to completely absent. A petiolule is the stalk of a leaflet.
• Petiolule - The stalk of a leaflet.
• Phyllotaxis - Of or dealing with the arrangement of leaves.
• Pilose - Hairy, especially with soft hairs.
• Pinnate - A type of compound leaf with leaflets on two opposites sides of an elongated rachis. Examples: Ash, Chinese Scholar Tree.
• Pinnately Compound - Having veins or leaflets arranged like the fingers on a hand.
• Pinnately Lobed - Shaped like a hand.
• Plicate - Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise.
• Pome - A multi-celled, multi-seeded, fleshy, indehiscent fruit. Examples: Callery Pear, Apple.
• Prickly - Beset with prickles.
• Proximal - Toward the base.
• Pruinose - Having the surface obscured by a rather thick, bluish or grayish, wax-like coating.
• Pubescent - Covered with hairs; hairy.
• Pulverulent - Powdered; appearing as if covered by minute grains of dust.
• Punctate - Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands or colored dots.
• Pustulate - Covered with blisters.

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-Q-

• Quadrifid - A leaf divided into four lobes.

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-R-

• Raceme - An inflorescence where the flowers are attached to an elongated rachis and the youngest flowers are at the apex.
• Rachilla - The secondary axis of a multiple compound leaf.
• Rachis - The central elongated axis of an inflorescence or compound leaf.
• Recurved - Curved downward or backward; with ray florets curved backward along their length toward the stem.
• Reniform - Kidney-shaped.
• Resinous - Coated with a sticky gum or resin.
• Reticulate - In the form of network; netveined.
• Retuse - With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.
• Revolute - Rolled backward from the margins or apex; describing a ray floret with margins rolled backward along their longitudinal axis. See also: fully revolute.
• Rhombic - Diamond-shaped.
• Ribbed - With one or more prominent veins or nerves.
• Rosulate - Leaves in the form of a rosette.
• Rounded - A leaf with a circular shaped base.
• Rugose - Wrinkled; leaf veins deeply etched into the upper surface of the leaf.
• Runcinate - Sharply incised, with the segments directed backward.

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-S-

• Saggitate - Derived from sagitta, an arrow; means the leaves are shaped like arrowheads.
• Samara - A dry fruit composed of a seed with a papery wing attached. Examples: Maple, Ash, Elm.
• Scabrous - Rough to the touch.
• Scale - A small non-green leaf on a bud or a modified stem.
• Scale-like - A thin, membrane-like covering of the bud or twig base. A fine, grain-like surface material.
• Scion - The bud or shoot which will become the top of a grafted plant.
• Serrate - A type of leaf margin which has sharp teeth that are angled forward towards the apex of the leaf blade. Compare "entire".
• Serrulate - Finely serrate.
• Sessile - A leaf lacking a petiole.
• Simple - A type of leaf which is comprised of only one part and not completely divided into separate segments. Compare "compound".
• Sinuate - With the outline of the margin strongly wavy.
• Sinus - The depression or indentation between two adjoining lobes. Compare "lobe".
• Smooth - Without roughness or pubescence.
• Spatulate - Gradually narrowing downward from a rounded summit; spoon-shaped.
• Spiculate - Having fine fleshy points.
• Spike - A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more or less elongated common axis.
• Spore - The reproductive organ in cryptogams which in function corresponds to a seed but possesses no embryo.
• Squamose - (alt. squamate, alt. squamous) Covered with scales.
• Squarrose - A leaf that curves sharply outward or downward near the apex.
• Stellate - Star-shaped.
• Stem - The main ascending axis of a plant.
• Stipels - Paired scales, spines, glands, or blade-like structures at the base of a petiolule.
• Stipule - An appendage at the base of a petiole, often appearing in pairs, one on each side, as found on roses. Paired scales, spines, glands, or blade-like structures at the base of a petiole.
• Stock - The root, trunk, or branch base used for grafting.
• Stone fruit - The single seed of a drupe, surrounded by a large, hard shell and covered by pulp.
• Striate - Marked with fine, longitudinal lines or ridges.
• Strigose - Beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs.
• Stub cut - Also called a 3-part cut. Pruning method used to remove a limb without damaging the bark on trunk below the limb being removed.
• Sucker - A shoot or stem that originates from the roots.
• Sulcate - Grooved or furrowed.

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-T-

• Tenately compound - Compound leaves with leaflets in threes.
• Tendril - A coiled or twisted leaflet.
• Terete - Having a circular transverse section.
• Ternate - With three nearly equal divisions.
• Tetrastichous - Leaves in four rows along the stem.
• Tomentose - Covered with a thick felt of radicles; densely pubescent with matted wool.
• Tortuous - Bent or twisted in different directions.
• Tree - A woody plant growing to greater than 5 meters (16 feet) in height with a single, primary stem.
• Tree wound dressing - A petroleum-based product used to cover freshly cut wood to inhibit decay or insect infestation. Current research suggests that the chemicals in these products may inhibit callus formation and therefore slow the closing of the wound. Its use is not recommended on most small wounds.
• Triangular - Having the outline of a triangle.
• Trichome - A hair-like plant growth.
• Trifid - Deeply divided or left in three parts.
• Trifoliate - Having leaves in threes.
• Tripinnate - Three times pinnate.
• Tristichous - Leaves arranged in three rows or ranks.
• Trullate - Shaped like a trowel.
• Truncate - Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely.
• Tuberculate - (alt. tubercular) Bearing tubercles; covered with warty lumps.
• Twig - The end subdivision of a branch; a young shoot, generally applied to the growth of the past season.

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-U-

• Umbel - A convex or flat-topped inflorescence where the flowers are attached at one point and the youngest flowers are in the center.
• Undulate - With a wavy surface; repand.
• Upright - Erect in carriage or posture.

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-V-

• Vein - The thread of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, especially those which branch (as distinguished from nerves).
• Velutinous - Covered with fine soft hairs, even more densely than tomentose, giving the appearance of velvet.

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-W-

• Watersprout - Vigorous shoot, originating above the ground, from the trunk or main branches.
• Weed - A plant growing where it is not wanted, often to the detriment of a crop or the disfigurement of a landscape design.
• Weedy - The condition where a plant produces abundant seeds which germinate freely in places where they are unwanted.
• Weeping - Having drooping branches
• Whorled - An arrangement of leaves, petals, sepals, etc., in a circle around the stem. Three or more leaves per node.

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-X-

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-Y-

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-Z-

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