| Term | Symbol | Meaning |
| Pacato | pacato | Calm, quiet. |
| Diminuendo | dim. | Gradually getting softer. |
| Crescendo | cresc., cres. | Gradually getting louder. |
| Decrescendo | decresc., decres. | Gradually getting softer. |
| Sforzando | sff. | Forcingly strong. |
| Sforzato | sfz. | Strongly accented. |
| Rinforzando | rfz. | Reinforcing. |
| Forzando | fz | Forcing; a sudden accent. |